The theory of three-layered interpretation was proposed by Jafar Nekounam, and it is based on the idea that modern interpretation of the Qur'an depends on three layers of historical, meta-historical, and contemporary interpretation. The historical interpretation is to mention the meaning that was common among the Arabs of Hejaz during the Prophet's era. Transhistorical interpretation is also a general semantic expression of the verses without ethnic and historical coordinates; so that, that meaning is acceptable among all human races. Contemporary interpretation is a meaning that can be adapted to the cases and examples of the current era. Some of the most important foundations of the theory of three-layered interpretation are: the historicity of the Qur'an, the conventionality of the language of the Qur'an, the marginality of the Qur'an's text. According to some critics, the basis of the historicity of the Qur'an is considered to violate the universality and immortality of the Qur'an; However, this theory claims that the three-layered interpretation does not contradict the generality and immortality of the Qur'an, and the historicity of the Qur'an only refers to the historical layer. However, the basis of "being a margin on the text" is considered to be the opposite of the Qur'an's expressiveness and clarity in relation to everything; However, in this theory, the mentioned verse is considered to refer only to the issues that were raised during the Prophet's mission period, which has been interpreted as marginal, not all human needs forever. In another criticism, the basis of the Qur'an's customary nature is considered to be against the authenticity of the teachings of the Qur'an; but the owner of the theory does not consider this basis to be a hindrance to the authenticity of the Qur'an, because the Qur'an confronts false beliefs and traditions, and the presence of some false statements in the Qur'an are considered as arguments and appeasement. In addition, in some cases, this theory has similarities with the theories of Abū Zayd and Faḍl al-Raḥmān, which negates its novelty. However, Nekounam is of the opinion that the novelty of a theory is the differences of that theory, and among the distinctions of this theory is that, unlike the theory of Faḍlullah, which was only concerned with the verses of commandments, this theory includes all the verses of the Qur'an, both commandments and non-commandments verses. And finally, among the other problems of this theory is the inappropriateness of using the word "layer" in the title of the theory and the preference of using "stage" instead of it, and the inappropriateness of using the word "interpretation" for the contemporary stage and the preference of using "adaptation" instead. However, the owner of the theory considers the use of these terms and words to be tolerant and considers the problem to be solvable with the definition he gives.

he present article investigates the thermoelastic interaction in a three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic sandwich structure using the dual-phase-lag (DPL) model of generalized thermoelasticity. The incorporated resulting non-dimensional coupled equations are applied to a specific problem in which a sandwich layer of unidentical homogeneous and isotropic substances is subjected to time-dependent thermal loadings; the two outer sides are traction-free. The analytical expressions for the displacement components, stress, temperature, and strain are obtained in the physical domain using the normal mode analysis. The mathematical difficulties in dealing with the hyperbolic heat conduction equation are overcome and the thermophysical quantities of the sandwich structure are depicted graphically. The effect that the two phase lags have on the studied field are highlighted. The results demonstrate the phenomenon of a finite speed of wave propagation in a sandwich structure for each field.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

In this work, we have proposed a three-layered (fruit bat-to-fruit-to-human) compartmental model for the description of the spread of the Nipah virus. We have proved the positivity and boundedness of the model's solutions. The bounded nature of the answers also suggests that the disease spread process eventually reaches a steady state, which helps preventing unrealistic predictions. We have shown that a disease-free equilibrium point has local stability. Besides, the global stability of disease-free equilibrium point has been demonstrated with the help of a fluctuation lemma. We have fitted our model with the reported cases of infection and death in Bangladesh. From sensitivity analysis, we understand which parameters are more sensitive to change. Lastly, we have solved the model equations numerically utilizing the Runge-Kutta method to examine the effect of various parameters on the population of the model classes.

In this research, three-layered composite of brass-IF steel-brass was fabricated by cold roll bonding process (CRB) and formability of composite were investigated. Due to high work hardening of composite during rolling process, specimens were heat treated at annealing temperatures at 500° Ϲ through 700 ° Ϲ for 10 min. Formability properties of composite were investigated by using tensile, anisotropy and Erichsen tests. The results showed that, heat treatment after rolling resulted in occurrence of recrystallization phenomenon in composite, consequently a reduction tensile strength and rising strain hardening rate. Dome height created by Erichsen test prior to heat treatment was 10. 53 mm, by annealing composite at 500 ℃ , Dome height reached at 14. 62 mm. By increasing annealing temperature to 600℃ and owing to relatively high stacking fault energies of IF steel, recrystallization solitary occurred in brass layer. Nevertheless, as a result of upward trend of annealing temperature up to 650 ℃ as well as resultant driving force, recrystallization occurred in all layers and gradient of formability properties increased. As at 700℃ , recrystallization phenomenon was completed in the composite and dome height was peaked at 17. 29 mm. Moreover, by increasing annealing temperature, normal anisotropy and planer anisotropy respectively increased and decreased. Anisotropy properties of composite in comparison with brass and IF steel during complete recrystallization, it was clear that production of brass-IF steel-brass composite caused to improve normal anisotropy in brass and reduce negative effects of planer anisotropy in IF steel.

Postmodern novels disrupt classical narrative conventions by constructing “unnatural worlds” that challenge conventional notions of time, causality, and identity. These narrative strategies not only expand formal possibilities but also raise fundamental questions about embodiment, perception, and power relations. This study employs a three-layered analytical framework for understanding such worlds, which consists of “unnatural world-building, ” “embodied experience, ” and “biopolitics and posthumanism. ” The research employs an analytical-qualitative and textual approach and examines ten representative novels by both Iranian and Western authors. Findings reveal three major types of unnatural worlds: echoic worlds, body-centered worlds, and textual-architectural worlds. Across all types, the body functions simultaneously as a medium of perception and as a site of power, while sensory materiality plays a crucial role in sustaining narrative coherence and credibility. The study concludes that postmodern narratives cannot be fully understood without addressing the interplay of embodiment and biopolitics. Beyond its theoretical contribution, the proposed framework offers practical applications for comparative literary studies, academic teaching, and the analysis of digital or multimodal narratives.  Extended Abstract1. IntroductionDue to their disruption of classical narrative rules and creation of new forms, Postmodern novels play an important role in the history of contemporary literature. One of the most prominent manifestations of these innovations is the emergence of “unnatural worlds, ” in which the natural laws of narrative, including causality, linear time, and identity, collapse and, through this rupture, a different experience of reality is exposed to the reader. The importance of this phenomenon extends beyond the formal and aesthetic level and has broad epistemological, social, and philosophical implications, as these worlds raise fundamental questions about the body, perception, and power. However, previous studies have often examined only one of the dimensions mentioned above and have rarely addressed the triple nexus of world-building, embodiment, and biopolitics. Aiming to fill this gap, the present study presents a three-layered framework for analysing postmodern novels, which considers these three levels simultaneously and allows for a multidimensional examination of unnatural worlds. 2. MethodologyThe present research employs an analytical-qualitative and textual approach and examines ten representative novels by both Iranian and Western authors. These works include: The Blind Owl (Sadegh Hedayat, 1315 [1936]), Metamorphosis (Franz Kafka, 1915), Blindness (José Saramago, 1995), House of Leaves (Mark Danielewski, 2000), Pale Fire (Vladimir Nabokov, 1962), Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar, 1963), If On a Winter’s Night a Traveler (Italo Calvino, 1979), The Crying of Lot 49 (Thomas Pynchon, 1966), White Noise (Don DeLillo, 1985), and Khāneh-ye Edrissi-hā (Ghazaleh Alizadeh, 1370 [1991]). 3. Theoretical FrameworkThe theoretical framework of this research is informed by three theoretical domains: Unnatural Narratology: the study of techniques that violate the rules of narrative and through which alternative worlds emergePhenomenology of the Body: attention to the body as a medium of perception and an active agent in the production of meaning, inspired by Merleau-Ponty and contemporary reinterpretationsPosthumanism and Biopolitics: focusing on the body as a propitious platform of power, control, and the redefinition of subjectivity in the context of technology and social relations, echoing the ideas of Foucault and Deleuze/GuattariIn this regard, a three-layered model is formed: Unnatural World-building: processes that break narrative rules and create new structuresEmbodied Experience: the role of the body and senses in understanding and organizing non-natural worldsPosthumanism and Biopolitics: power relations and body control in these worldsThe two analytical axes of “scale” (from individual to collective and network levels) and “sensory materiality” (sound, image, space, and smell) link these three layers together. 4. Discussion and Analysis Findings reveal three major types of unnatural worlds: Echoic Worlds, which rely on repetition, reflection, and the rupture of time. Hedayat’s The Blind Owl and Cortázar’s Hopscotch, with their repetitive and uncentered structure, are examples of these worlds. Body-centered Worlds, in which the body and sensory experiences are the foundations of the narrative. In Kafka’s Metamorphosis, the sudden transformation of the main character’s body into an insect determines the structure of the story’s world, and in Saramago’s Blindness, collective blindness creates a simultaneous physical and social experience. Textual-architectural Worlds, in which the materiality of writing and page layout is the main factor in world-building. Danielewski’s House of Leaves and Nabokov’s Pale Fire are prominent examples of this category. A review of these works reveals that the biopolitical layer is prominent in most of the texts. In Blindness, quarantine and government surveillance of bodies are evident, in The Blind Owl, the body becomes a consumerist object and a commodity and in Hopscotch, the body is exposed to the dangers of technology and networked data. Similarly, Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49 depicts the world as a complex network, in which individual subjectivity collapses under the pressure of communication systems. Furthermore, the analysis of the sensory dimension of the texts shows that sound, space, and smell play a fundamental role in creating the believability of unnatural worlds, for example, in The Crying of Lot 49, sound and musical elements are key factors in understanding the hidden networks of the narrative, and in The House of Leaves, the dark and endless architecture of the house creates a physical and frightening experience for the reader. The study of the ‘scale’ also shows that individual experience always finds meaning in connection with collective or network structures, for instance, in Blindness, blindness goes beyond a personal crisis and reflects the collapse of the social order. 5. ConclusionThe present study concludes that the three-layer framework of unnatural worlds can be an effective tool in analysing postmodern novels. By classifying the types of world-building types and linking them to embodied experiences and power mechanisms, this model allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the literary text. From a practical point of view, the proposed framework can be used in comparative studies, academic teaching of contemporary literature, and analysis of digital and multimedia narratives. Since the research is limited to the selected works, it is suggested that this framework be explored in the fields of cinema, theater, and digital literature in future research.

According to Roland Barthes, every narrative is interwoven with multiple codes and the reader has a central role in decoding signs and creating meaning. This article deals with the semiotics of fashion theories using Barthes' layered analysis approach. In this approach, textual analysis is done by using five codes, that is, hermeneutic code or question code, proairetic or action code, semantic code, symbolic code, and cultural code. The present research is developmental and applied in its goal and descriptive-analytical in methodology. The research aims at decoding the meaning hidden in fashion theories to provide a clearer view of fashion products, especially clothes to researchers, producers, designers, and fashion consumers. The findings show that the fashion system is a writerly text and all five types of codes are in it. The connection of these codes leads to the formation of economic, social, and environmental harmful effects, and therefore, this research emphasizes the necessity of the formation of a sustainable fashion system.

Background and Objectives: Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are crucial for safeguarding computer networks. However, they face challenges such as detecting subtle intrusions and novel attack patterns. While signature-based and anomaly-based IDS have been widely used, hybrid approaches offer a promising solution by combining their strengths. This study aims to develop a robust hybrid IDS that effectively addresses these challenges. Methods: We propose a three-layered hybrid IDS that leverages machine learning techniques. The first layer utilizes a signature-based approach to identify known intrusions. The second layer employs an anomaly-based approach with unsupervised learning to detect unknown intrusions. The third layer utilizes supervised learning to classify intrusions based on training data. We evaluated the proposed system on the NSL-KDD dataset. Results: Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed hybrid IDS in accurately detecting intrusions. Comparisons with recent studies using the same dataset show that our system outperforms existing approaches in terms of detection accuracy and robustness. Conclusion: Our research presents a novel hybrid IDS that effectively addresses the limitations of traditional IDS methods. By combining signature-based, anomaly-based, and supervised learning techniques, our system can accurately detect both known and unknown intrusions. The promising results obtained from our experiments highlight the potential of this approach in enhancing network security.